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Men might suffer from testosterone insufficiency in a variety of ways. A sudden drop in testosterone levels will significantly impact mens health, affecting their physical strength and mental clarity. Men in their 30s, 40s, and 50s have muscle loss and weakness due to low T-Levels.
Natural testosterone supplements, such as Nugenix Total-T, have been demonstrated to increase testosterone levels considerably. Other products are being introduced regularly, and supplements like TestoPrime and Hunter Test provide the same benefits as Nugenix Total-T without adverse effects. Lets discuss how these products address testosterone deficiency in men and whether they are genuinely beneficial. This review will also review the advantages of the TestoPrime and Hunter Test and why you should use them.
Nugenix is an all-natural free testosterone booster that contains six important components that help men maintain healthy levels of free testosterone. Aside from increasing testosterone, this supplement may help men feel stronger and have more sexual desire.
Over-the-counter testosterone boosters, such as Nugenix, are considered safer than hormone replacement treatment, making them a popular natural option among many men.
Adaptive Health, formerly Direct Digital, manufactures this free testosterone booster.
Adaptive Health is a nutritional health industry pioneer known for creating a diverse portfolio of nutritional health brands such as Nugenix, Sleep Answer, and OxyRub.
After acquiring Healthy Directions in December 2017, the company, which has operations in Bethesda, Charlotte, and Boston, rebranded.
It has a solid reputation for developing clinically proven treatments that are also distributed on a global scale.
Nugenix rebranded its product Nugenix Total T, which was developed as a dietary supplement to assist men in secreting more testosterone. Nugenix may or may not benefit lean muscle mass development, but it does result in considerable increases in male testosterone levels, as proven by multiple studies.
Nugenix Total T is a product that claims to help you reach your fitness objectives. Natural components and antioxidants in the product are supposed to improve cognitive function, raise energy levels, and reduce inflammation. Caffeine is also present, which is supposed to help you stay focused and motivated.
Nugenix Total T comes in both capsules and tablets. People who want to consume the supplement with food should use capsules; tablets can be taken without food. The product is in two versions, each with a 60-day money-back guarantee.
Nugenix Total-T contains a variety of substances that enhance overall health but can potentially create adverse effects in certain people. The list of ingredients includes antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are included in the antioxidant combo.
Vitamins C and E fight free radical damage, while zinc supports immune system function. The mineral combination also contains copper, magnesium, manganese, and potassium. There are a few artificial elements in the Nugenix mix as well. This pill contains preservatives and ingredients that are in striking contrast to what many other natural testosterone boosters supply.
Nugenix Total T is the perfect supplement for you if you want to boost your muscle size and strength. This device was created to assist people in reaching their fitness objectives by boosting their strength, size, and endurance.
Nugenix Total T is considered a high-quality, thoroughly tested, and proven effective supplement. This products components have been proven to help boost muscle size and strength. Furthermore, this supplement is suitable for people of all ages.
It would help if you took the prescribed dosage of Nugenix Total T to achieve the greatest benefits. Drink lots of water while taking this product to avoid any undesirable side effects.
The following are some favorable and negative user comments regarding Nugenix Total T.
Cons
Some ingredients are available in excessive dosages, which are rumored to cause unwarranted side effects:
There are conflicting user video reviews for the Nugenix supplement, asserting that the testosterone booster is beneficial. Yes, a few negative Nugenix reviews lead us to better supplements.
For now, we shall rely on what customers have said about Nugenix on various web platforms.
It did not live up to my personal expectations; I expected it to do something. It had no effect. As far as Im concerned, it was a failure.- Paul.
I havent seen any real results nor feel any stronger in the gym. Im sure it has certain advantages, but I wouldnt advocate it.- Gregory
The company makes claims that it cannot back up. Instead, consult your doctor.- Adam. S
I didnt notice, but other guys my age were curious about how I was getting so much energy.- Kurt.
Many buyers stated that Nugenix was Not Useful, and the website claims are merely superficial. According to others, Nugenix became the top energy booster because it worked partially in individuals specifically seeking these benefits.
According to Nugenix reviews, the supplement contains synthetic ingredients that can harm some people. Furthermore, some components, such as zinc, are present in smaller concentrations than required to get the full benefits of a testosterone booster. Each dose contains only 1 mg of zinc instead of the recommended daily amount of 11 mg.
Furthermore, the product lacks vitamin D, which is required for testosterone production. A lack of vitamin D. commonly causes low testosterone levels. Furthermore, Nugenix lacks d-aspartic acid, an amino acid proven effective in raising testosterone levels in men.
Ashwagandha, another essential ingredient in many other testosterone boosters, is also absent in the Nugenix Total-T formula. While ashwagandha is readily available as a separate supplement, it is disappointing that it is not included in the Nugenix Total-T supplement, especially considering its price.
Nugenixhelps unlock the production of testosterone in men by providing vital nutrients. It is necessary because most people lack the necessary vitamins in their daily diet. Testosterone, commonly known as the male hormone, creates male features and looks after fertility and other essential functions.
Nugenixcan typically take up to 30 days to show visible results compared to other testosterone-boosting supplements. It is relatively slow or also depends on the consumers metabolism.
Usually, the recommended dosage forNugenixis three capsules in a day. Always consult a doctor to learn the exact dosage depending on your body.
Studies show no notable advantage of taking testosterone boosters unless combined with a proper exercise regimen and diet plan. Also, if the supplement contains vitamins and other nutrients, it can be helpful for three months without a gap.
Usually,Nugenixis recommended to be taken with a glass of water (240-350 ml). They must be taken on an empty stomach to get the best results.
If you start takingNugenix, regular exercise can be excellent for boosting testosterone levels. Resistance training is particularly beneficial in increasing testosterone production in the body. You can also try lifting weights, high-intensity interval training, and dumbbells for faster results.
Nugenix review: Best alternatives to Nugenix
Suppose you find that the side effects ofNugenixare too overwhelming for your body. You must look for alternatives that are a lot safer. Luckily there is an abundance of testosterone boosters in the market, and one can easily cruise that perfectly suits their needs. Products like the Hunter Test and Testo Prime enhance testosterone levels.
TestoPrime is one of the most preferred, all-natural testosterone booster supplements that is intended to assist men in increasing their bodys natural testosterone production. The pill comprises natural substances that help boost energy levels, muscle mass and strength, libido, and overall well-being. Testosterone is a hormone primarily focused on developing and enhancing male physical traits like muscle mass, bone density, and body hair in males.
It is essential for controlling sexual function and mood. Testosterone levels naturally fall with age, and some men may suffer a decline in testosterone levels earlier than others. This drop in testosterone may cause various symptoms, including decreased energy, muscular mass and strength, low libido, and mood swings. TestoPrime attempts to assist men in battling these symptoms by enhancing their bodys natural testosterone production.
The supplement is easily absorbed by the body, helping to improve nutrition and metabolism while naturally increasing testosterone levels. TestoPrime is worth considering for guys who have tried numerous diets and fitness programs without results in developing muscle or testosterone.
Users notice enhanced digestion, metabolism, hair growth, mood, fat-burning, muscular gain, and muscle strength after filling their bodies with testosterone. The mixture also raises blood nitric oxide levels, which boosts oxygen utilization throughout the body.
Hunter Test boosts testosterone by combining vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal extracts. Nutrients of high-quality increase energy, muscle mass, sex drive, and mental sharpness. Roar Ambition, a well-known brand offering other sports and health supplements, manufactures Hunter Test.
All goods are made in FDA- and cGMP-certified labs in the United States and the United Kingdom. Although dietary supplements are not FDA-regulated, Hunter Test is manufactured by FDA guidelines. Hunter Test seeks to restore masculinity by increasing testosterone levels. To reduce side effects, it solely uses organic and clinically approved substances.
Hunter Test is an all-natural testosterone booster that contains minerals, amino acids, vitamins, and botanical extracts. The premium nutrients may improve your libido, strength, vitality, and mental clarity. Roar Ambition, the testosterone booster manufacturer, produces other sports and health products.
The high-quality supplement is manufactured in both the United Kingdom and the United States, keeping in mind the strict cGMP and FDA laboratory testing criteria. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) typically fails to regulate dietary supplements. Despite this, Hunter Test is prepared in accordance with FDA guidelines. Hunter Test aims to enhance testosterone levels to help men reclaim their masculinity. The supplement uses only natural, scientifically-approved ingredients to minimize side effects to a minimum.
Everyone should be very well aware that testosterone levels go down with age. As a result, people start experiencing low energy and also see a decrease in muscle mass. It is also associated with anxiety, mood swing, and irritation. It is best to start taking a test they dont boost to avoid these conditions.Nugenixis a popular choice for boosting testosterone levels in men.
However, there are certain side effects of taking this supplement. The underdosing is too much to ignore.Nugenixlacks vital ingredients which are present in a testosterone booster.
On the other hand, Hunter Test and Testo Prime are completely safe for consumption and have no noticeable side effects. These can provide great results when taken regularly. According to experts, these supplements are perfect for freeing up bound testosterone. The best part is that they can do it discreetly without causing any harm to the body.
As can be understood from the above discussion, there are cheaper and better options forNugenix.The alternatives suggested in thisNugenix revieware equally potent and cause little harm to the body.Nugenixis likely to have a tough time surviving in the market.
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Disclaimer:
This is a partnered post. The information provided in this post is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice. The views and opinions expressed in any referenced product or service do not necessarily reflect those of Network18. Network18 does not vouch for the efficacy or safety of any products mentioned in this post. The reader is advised to conduct their own research and due diligence before purchasing or using any product. Network18 shall not be held responsible for any negative consequences that may arise from the use of any product mentioned in this post.
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Nugenix Review 2023. Does Nugenix Work? Try World Best Alternative - Firstpost
Obesity in boys may be linked to shrunken testicles and result in a higher risk of infertility for young men, Italian researchers report.
In their study of boys ages 2 to 18 who were referred to the Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology at the University of Catania in Sicily for weight control, researchers found that those with normal insulin levels had as much as two times higher testicular volume than boys with elevated insulin levels.
In the boys who were overweight or had obesity, hyperinsulinemia (insulin resistance) tended to lower testicular volume compared to other boys, researchers said.
This testicular hypotrophy, researchers said, is known to increase risk of infertility in men.
Testicular volume does have a direct relationship to semen profiles and tends to be a good predictor of hormonal function, Dr. Alex Robles, a fertility expert at the Columbia University Fertility Center in New York, told Medical News Today.
There is data that infertile men on average have a smaller testicular volume compared to fertile men, he added. We can see this in men taking exogenous anabolic steroids as well. These individuals stop producing their own endogenous testosterone which will reduce testicular size/volume and sperm production.
Although the prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, the impact of obesity and associated metabolic disorders on testicular growth is not well known, said Rossella Cannarella, a research assistant at the University of Catania in Italy and a co-author of the study published in the European Journal of Endrocrinology.
We found that being overweight or obese was associated with a lower peri-pubertal testicular volume. In addition, obesity-related comorbidities, such as hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, have been found to influence testicular volume in pre- and post-puberty, she added.
Therefore, we speculate that more careful control of body weight in childhood could represent a prevention strategy for maintaining testicular function later in life, Cannarella said.
Male infertility is estimated to contribute to about half of all cases of couple infertility, but the reasons for it are often unclear.
Other studies have shown a decrease in sperm concentration and count over the past 40 years.
At the same time, the rate of childhood obesity has risen sharply. An estimated 60% of children ages 2 to 19 will be obese by age 35.
There is a fairly significant link between obesity and fertility, especially in females, said Robles. Obesity and excess fat mass can disrupt all of the hormones necessary for the growth and development of an egg and subsequent ovulation. Similarly in men, obesity can disrupt the hormones that help the testicles produce testosterone. Low testosterone is linked to decreased sperm production and decreased sperm quality.
Dr. Jagdish Khubchandani, a professor of public health at New Mexico State University, told Medical News Today that the study has promise in highlighting the link between obesity, metabolism, and testicular volume.
However, Khubchandani said that while the study was well-controlled and included a good range of markers for obesity and metabolism, the population studied was small and because it is cross-sectional no cause-and-effect relationship can be established among testicular size, obesity, and infertility risk.
If the only good finding is an association found in this study, we have many prior studies that show how obesity may affect fertility, Khubchandani said.
Like the study authors, Khubchandani noted that sperm count has declined across much of the world in the past few decades.
Obesity has increased at the same time, he said. But we cannot claim that the two are related. What mediates or moderates this relationship? Or, is it the food and environment that independently influence obesity, metabolism, and reproductive health?
Although this was a retrospective review, said Robles, the findings are plausible based on what we know about obesity, hormonal regulation, and testosterone levels.
With that said, more research is needed to know if these results can be replicated and if weight loss is an effective treatment option for improving testicular volume, he said.
Obesity is a pandemic, a leading killer across the world, and linked to most prevalent health problems across the world, said Khubchandani. Early childhood interventions could address many of these issues, including the ones discussed in this study.
Robles added that past research shows that losing weight can be a potential treatment option for improving the hormonal health of obese men by restoring natural testosterone levels, which in turn can increase testicular volume and sperm production.
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Male infertility: How obesity in boys can increase the risk - Medical News Today
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In May 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral TRT product called Jatenzo (testosterone undecanoate) for the treatment of hypogonadism in men. Jatenzo is the first oral TRT product to be approved by the FDA.
In March 2021, Endo International, a leading manufacturer of TRT products, announced a settlement with the US Department of Justice over allegations of illegal marketing of its TRT products. As part of the settlement, Endo agreed to pay $8 million and to implement new compliance measures.
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Key Product TypeGelsInjectionsPatchesOthers
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North America(USA, Canada and Mexico)Europe(UK, Germany, France and the Rest of Europe)Asia Pacific(China, Japan, India, and the Rest of the Asia Pacific region)South America(Brazil, Argentina and the Rest of South America)Middle East and Africa(GCC and Rest of the Middle East and Africa)
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The Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Industry Report Covers The Following Data Points:
: This section covers the global Market overview, including the basic market introduction, market analysis by its applications, type, and regions. The major regions of the global Market industry include North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle-East and Africa. Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market industry statistics and outlook are presented in this section. Market dynamics states the opportunities, key driving forces, market risk are studied.
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FarmaKeio Outsourcing is proud to announce the release of its latest innovation, the only patented hormone pellet with triamcinolone developed in an FDA-registered 503B outsourcing facility. The pellet is set to provide a new and revolutionary solution to hormone replacement therapy for men and women.
SOUTHLAKE, TX / ACCESSWIRE / May 10, 2023 / FarmaKeio Outsourcing (FKO), a leading pharmaceutical outsourcing facility in the United States, has been granted a patent to produce testosterone and triamcinolone subcutaneous hormone pellets. The patent includes 23 claims, issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), recognizing the company's innovative approach to compounding hormone therapy and solidifying its position as a leader in the field of pharmaceutical development.
Unlike other hormone therapies, which may require frequent injections or daily pills, FarmaKeio Outsourcing's hormone pellets provide a sustained release of testosterone and triamcinolone, allowing patients to enjoy the benefits of these hormones for extended periods of time. These pellets are inserted subcutaneously and gradually release the hormone over several months, reducing the need for frequent dosing and allowing patients to focus on their daily lives.
"We are thrilled to receive this patent for our subcutaneous hormone pellets," said FarmaKeio Outsourcing's CEO, Dan DeNeui. "Our team has worked tirelessly to develop this innovative approach to hormone therapy, and we are excited to be able to offer this option to patients in need."
In addition to providing a more convenient method of hormone therapy, FarmaKeio's pellets offer a unique formulation that is not available from any other FDA 503B registered outsourcing facility in the US. This proprietary formulation has been carefully designed and tested and it represents a significant breakthrough in the field of hormone therapy.
"We believe that our hormone pellets have the potential to revolutionize the way that hormone therapy is delivered," said DeNeui. "By offering a sustained release of testosterone and triamcinolone, we can provide patients with a more consistent and reliable treatment option that can improve their quality of life."
The issuance of this patent is a significant milestone for FarmaKeio Outsourcing, and it reflects the company's ongoing commitment to innovation and excellence in pharmaceutical development. As the demand for hormone therapy continues to grow, FarmaKeio is well-positioned to meet the needs of patients and healthcare providers alike with its cutting-edge hormone pellets.
"We are confident that our hormone pellets will become the gold standard for hormone therapy, and we look forward to working with healthcare providers and patients to make this technology available to as many people as possible," said Chief Operating Officer Cody Boatman.
The hormone pellet with triamcinolone is a groundbreaking new product that is set to revolutionize the hormone replacement therapy industry. With its unique combination of hormones and anti-inflammatory properties, it provides patients with a more comfortable treatment option. The pellet is an exclusive feature of The EvexiPEL Method, created and founded by Terri DeNeui, DNP, APRN, ACNP-BC, and is available exclusively through FarmaKeio Outsourcing, an FDA-registered 503B facility. With this new product, FarmaKeio Outsourcing is once again proving its commitment to providing innovative solutions to hormone replacement therapy.
About FarmaKeio Outsourcing
FarmaKeio Outsourcing is a leading FDA-registered 503B pharmaceutical outsourcing facility that specializes in providing specific custom compounded medications to healthcare providers and facilities across the United States. FarmaKeio Outsourcing is committed to providing innovative, patient-centered solutions that meet the unique needs of their clients.
FarmaKeio Outsourcing offers an unwavering commitment to quality, safety, and compliance, operating a state-of-the-art facility that is cGMP compliant and undergoes rigorous testing and quality assurance procedures to ensure the highest level of quality and safety.
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Contact Information
Danielle Tworek Director of Marketing [emailprotected] 5613253904
SOURCE: FarmaKeio Outsourcing
View source version on accesswire.com: https://www.accesswire.com/753748/FarmaKeio-Outsourcing-Announces-Patented-Formulation-of-Revolutionary-Hormone-Therapy-Pellet
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Woolly mammoths were driven extinct by humans about 4000 years ago
PA Images/Alamy
Testosterone preserved in the tusks of male woolly mammoths reveal that they went through a seasonal change called musth,just like modern elephants do.
Once they reach sexual maturity, male African and Asian elephants go through musth for about three months every year. The shift is marked by a surge in testosterone and is often accompanied by thick, gooey secretions from ducts on the elephants temples. Male elephants are said to be more aggressive and restless during this time, although the exact relationship between the hormonal changes and behaviour is unclear.
Woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), which went extinct about 4000 years ago, were closely related to Asian elephants. Their tusks, like those of elephants, grew throughout their lives, and previous studies have recorded hormones such as cortisol, testosterone and progesterone preserved in a tooth tissue called dentine.
Palaeontologists have long suspected that woolly mammoths experienced musth. To test this idea, Michael Cherney at the University of Michigan and his colleagues isolated and analysed testosterone levels in tusks from a male African elephant, a male woolly mammoth estimated to have lived about 35,000 years ago and a female woolly mammoth thought to have lived around 5500 years ago. By sampling many sections along the length of a tusk, they were able to see how the hormone levels fluctuated over the animals lifetimes.
Woolly mammoth tusks, teeth and assorted bones collected on Wrangel Island, Russia, by the study team
Alexei Tikhonov
In the elephant, testosterone levels peaked at 20 times higher during musth than the rest of the year. The tests showed similar fluctuations in the male mammoth, with testosterone reaching 10 times higher than baseline. There was little variation in testosterone levels in the female mammoth.
This is such an exciting and fascinating piece of scientific sleuthing, says Susan Alberts at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who wasnt involved in the study. The comparison of the elephant and mammoth tusks is compelling evidence that they are picking up the same signals in the two species.
Musth was low-hanging fruit for an initial study, Cherney says, but the new method has the potential to document many aspects of the lives of mammoths, as well as other extinct animals. We anticipate being able to identify pregnancies, maturation ages, stress events and other things that could be used to improve our understanding of mammoth and mastodon palaeobiology, he says.
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Excerpt from:
Woolly mammoths had testosterone surges like those of male elephants - New Scientist
Dribbling urine and huge hormonal surges are two key - albeit unromantic - signs that it's time for an elephant to mate.
Now, scientists have drawn significant parallels between these modern-day giants and their extinct mammoth relatives who may have exhibited similar signals.
Analysis of tusks from over 30,000 years ago has unveiled that woolly mammoths experienced enormous surges in testosterone during mating season.
This state, known as 'musth', comes from the Hindi word for intoxicated, marking a period of frenzied sexual excitement and aggression among larger mammals.
The University of Michigan-led researchis a historic landmark for uncovering the past mysteries of mammoths, being the first piece of evidence to prove they underwentmusth.
Experts have drawn parallels between today's elephants and woolly mammoths
Pictured: An assortment ofwoolly mammoth tusks, teeth and bones collected on Wrangel Island, Russia, by authors of the new research
'Temporal patterns of testosterone preserved in fossil tusks show that, like modern elephants, mature bull mammoths experienced musth,' said study lead author Michael Cherney,a research affiliate at the U-M Museum of Paleontology.
Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is an extinct species of elephant found in fossil deposits in Europe, northern Asia, and North America.
The species was known for its large size, fur, and imposing tusks, which were curvier than today's elephants.
Thriving during the Pleistocene ice ages, woolly mammoths died out after much of their habitat was lost as Earths climate warmed in the aftermath of the last ice age.
He also told MailOnline: 'For the first time, we can see these testosterone surges in an extinct species of elephant, the woolly mammoth.
'This might be as close as we're going to get to having direct evidence that these ice-age animals experienced the entire suite of attributes that we associate with musth, including aggressive behavior, dribbling urine, secretions from the temporal gland behind the eye, and even a change in posture and how they walk.'
Woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) were one of the last in a line of mammoth species to exist before their extinction around 4,000 years ago.
The species co-existed with early humans, who hunted them for food and used their bones and tusks for making weapons and art.
The cause of their extinction is currently uncertain, with intense debate on the roles of human hunting and severe climatic change.
In this study, scientists used the bony material of dentin to help reconstruct the histories of mammoths.
This tissue notonly makes up human teeth but the bulk of elephant and woolly mammoth tusks, preserving hormone fluctuations.
'Tusks hold particular promise for reconstructing aspects of mammoth life history because they preserve a record of growth in layers of dentin that form throughout an individual's life," said study co-author Daniel Fisher, a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
'Because musth is associated with dramatically elevated testosterone in modern elephants, it provides a starting point for assessing the feasibility of using hormones preserved in tusk growth records to investigate temporal changes in endocrine physiology.'
The African elephant tusk analysed in the University of Michigan-led testosterone study
To get a full picture, the team looked at the tusks of a 55-year-old male mammoth that lived between 38,866 to 33,291 years ago and a female that lived nearly 6,000 years ago.
The male's right tusk was discovered by a diamond-mining company in Siberia around 16 years ago.
The female's was also found off the coast of Russia at Wrangel Island - the last known place wherewoolly mammoths survived.
These were compared with the tusk of a 30-to-40-year-old modern day African elephant that was killed near Maun, Botswana in 1963.
This elephant was understood to have experiencedtestosterone 20 times higher during musth than any other point in the year.
On the flip side, male mammoth surges were seen to be just 10 times higher than other points in the year - half of that experienced by elephants.
The female mammoth showed even lower but more stable testosterone levels, according to the researchers based inRussia, France, the Netherlands, and the US.
'Lower mean hormone levels in the mammoth tusks compared with those in the elephant tusk might be a result of degradation or other technical factors associated with preservation, but patterns of relative abundance appear to persist and are similar in modern and fossil records,' the study said.
The scientists hope their research will pave the way for further exploration into the lives of ancient organisms, humans and extinct apes.
They stress that teeth and tusks are vital tools for piecing together history as they do not decay or become contaminated like hair and nails.
'With reliable results for some steroids from samples as small as 5 mg of dentin, these methods could be used to investigate records of organisms with smaller teeth, including humans and other hominids,' the authors wrote.
'Endocrine records in modern and ancient dentin provide a new approach to investigating reproductive ecology, life history, population dynamics, disease, and behavior in modern and prehistoric contexts.'
The male woolly mammoth tusk had been cut into segments before parts of it were acquired by the University of Michigan
Scientists examining woolly mammoth tusks collectedon Wrangel Island, Russia
The latest mammoth research comes just a month after scientists found that woolly mammoths were perhaps not as fluffy as history remembers them.
The new study was conducted by researchers at the Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm University and the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
'We wanted to know what makes a mammoth a woolly mammoth,' said lead author David Dez-del-Molino at the Centre for Palaeogenetics.
'Woolly mammoths have some very characteristic morphological features, like their thick fur and small ears, that you obviously expect based on what frozen specimens look like.
'But there are also many other adaptations like fat metabolism and cold perception that are not so evident because they're at the molecular level.'
There are several leading theories for what killed off the ice age giants like the woolly mammoths.
Woolly mammoths are thought to have roamed the Earth from about 200,000 years ago before eventually dying out 10,000 years ago.
At this time the planet was undergoing a major change in climate that is thought to have led to the shrinkage of their habitat.
Unable to find the food they needed their populations became smaller and increasingly isolated.
A study in 2008 estimated that changes in climate as a result of the end of the last glacial period saw their habitat shrink from 3 million square miles to 310,000 square miles.
Some researchers have suggested that the spread of forests, which overtook the extensive areas of frozen grassland and tundra where mammoths thrived, led to their extinction.
The changes in climate also opened up large parts of the northern hemisphere to humans, allowing groups to spread more widely around North America, Asia and Europe.
Many blame overhunting by humans for finally finishing off the dwindling populations of megafauna like mammoths.
More recently some scientists have adopted theories that sudden changes in climate, known as the Younger Dyas period, left many large animal species unable to cope.
It is thought this period of cooling may have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets into the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the seas cooling dramatically.
Others have suggested this was triggered by a large explosion from an asteroid or comet impactthat spread debris around the globe.
The woolly mammoth - a cousin of of today's Asian elephants - were commonly found in North America and Siberia and forced into extinction about 4,000 years ago.
They were covered in thick brown hair to keep them warm in their freezing conditions, which would often fall to as low as50C.
They woolly mammoths were around 13ft tall with fur that reached lengths of 3ft. They lived in the Pleistocene Period, which started 1.8million years ago but ended around 10,000 years ago with the last Ice Age.
Woolly mammoths and modern-day elephants are closely related, sharing 99.4 per cent of their genes.
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Woolly mammoths had SEX on the mind, tusk analysis reveals - Daily Mail
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Traces of sex hormones extracted from a woolly mammoth's tusk provide the first direct evidence that adult males experienced musth, a testosterone-driven episode of heightened aggression against rival males, according to a new University of Michigan-led study.
In male elephants, elevated testosterone during musth was previously recognized from blood and urine tests. Musth battles in extinct relatives of modern elephants have been inferred from skeletal injuries, broken tusk tips and other indirect lines of evidence.
But the new study, scheduled for online publication May 3 in the journal Nature, is the first to show that testosterone levels are recorded in the growth layers of mammoth and elephant tusks.
The U-M researchers and their international colleagues report annually recurring testosterone surgesup to 10 times higher than baseline levelswithin a permafrost-preserved woolly mammoth tusk from Siberia. The adult male mammoth lived more than 33,000 years ago.
The testosterone surges seen in the mammoth tusk are consistent with musth-related testosterone peaks the researchers observed in an African bull elephant tusk, according to the study authors. The word "musth" comes from the Hindi and Urdu word for intoxicated.
"Temporal patterns of testosterone preserved in fossil tusks show that, like modern elephants, mature bull mammoths experienced musth," said study lead author Michael Cherney, a research affiliate at the U-M Museum of Paleontology and a research fellow at the U-M Medical School.
The study demonstrates that both modern and ancient tusks hold traces of testosterone and other steroid hormones. These chemical compounds are incorporated into dentin, the mineralized tissue that makes up the interior portion of all teeth (tusks are elongated upper incisor teeth).
"This study establishes dentin as a useful repository for some hormones and sets the stage for further advances in the developing field of paleoendocrinology," Cherney said. "In addition to broad applications in zoology and paleontology, tooth-hormone records could support medical, forensic and archaeological studies."
Hormones are signaling molecules that help regulate physiology and behavior. Testosterone is the main sex hormone in male vertebrates and is part of the steroid group of hormones. It circulates in the bloodstream and accumulates in various tissues.
Scientists have previously analyzed steroid hormones present in human and animal hair, nails, bones and teeth, in both modern and ancient contexts. But the significance and value of such hormone records have been the subject of ongoing scrutiny and debate.
The authors of the new Nature study say their findings should help change that by demonstrating that steroid records in teeth can provide meaningful biological information that sometimes persists for thousands of years.
"Tusks hold particular promise for reconstructing aspects of mammoth life history because they preserve a record of growth in layers of dentin that form throughout an individual's life," said study co-author Daniel Fisher, a curator at the U-M Museum of Paleontology and professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
"Because musth is associated with dramatically elevated testosterone in modern elephants, it provides a starting point for assessing the feasibility of using hormones preserved in tusk growth records to investigate temporal changes in endocrine physiology," said Fisher, who is also a professor in the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
For the study, researchers sampled tusks from one adult African bull elephant and two adult woolly mammothsa male and a femalefrom Siberia. The samples were obtained in accordance with relevant laws and with appropriate permits.
The researchers used CT scans to identify annual growth increments within the tusks. A tiny drill bit, operated under a microscope and moved across a block of dentin using computer-actuated stepper motors, was used to grind contiguous half-millimeter-wide samples representing approximately monthly intervals of dentin growth.
The powder produced during this milling process was collected and chemically analyzed.
The study required new methods, developed in the laboratory of U-M endocrinologist and study co-author Rich Auchus, to extract steroids from tusk dentin for measurement with a mass spectrometer, an instrument that identifies chemical substances by sorting ions according to their mass and charge.
"We had developed steroid mass spectrometry methods for human blood and saliva samples, and we have used them extensively for clinical research studies. But never in a million years did I imagine that we would be using these techniques to explore 'paleoendocrinology,'" said Auchus, professor of internal medicine and pharmacology at the U-M Medical School.
"We did have to modify the method some, because those tusk powders were the dirtiest samples we ever analyzed. When Mike (Cherney) showed me the data from the elephant tusks, I was flabbergasted. Then we saw the same patterns in the mammothwow!"
The African bull elephant is believed to have been 30 to 40 years old when it was killed by a hunter in Botswana in 1963. According to estimates based on growth layers in its tusk, the male woolly mammoth lived to be about 55 years old. Its right tusk was discovered by a diamond-mining company in Siberia in 2007. Radiocarbon dating revealed that the animal lived 33,291 to 38,866 years ago. Woolly mammoth tusks in dawn light on Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, where the female mammoth tusk used in the testosterone study had been found several years earlier. These tusks were collected the day before the photo and were assembled for measurement and preliminary sampling. Credit: Daniel Fisher, University of Michigan.
The tusk from the female woolly mammoth was discovered on Wrangel Island, which was connected to northeast Siberia in glacial periods of lower sea level but is now separated from it by the Arctic Ocean. Carbon-dating showed an age of 5,597 to 5,885 years before present. (Wrangel Island is the last known place where woolly mammoths survived, until around 4,000 years ago.)
In contrast to the male tusks, testosterone levels from the female woolly mammoth tusk showed little variation over timeas expectedand the average testosterone level was lower than the lowest values in the male mammoth's tusk records.
"With reliable results for some steroids from samples as small as 5 mg of dentin, these methods could be used to investigate records of organisms with smaller teeth, including humans and other hominids," the authors wrote. "Endocrine records in modern and ancient dentin provide a new approach to investigating reproductive ecology, life history, population dynamics, disease, and behavior in modern and prehistoric contexts."
More information: Michael Cherney, Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth episodes, Nature (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9. http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06020-9
Journal information: Nature
Originally posted here:
New tusk-analysis techniques reveal surging testosterone in male woolly mammoths - Phys.org
For the first time scientists have detected evidence that woolly mammoths experienced musth during the mating season, a hormone-driven surge in aggression that wouldve spurred on rival males at they competed for a mate. The discovery has also revealed that such hormone changes can be detected in the growth rings of tusks, something that can be applied to modern day elephants as well as their ancient ancestors.
Two woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) tusks from a male and female, and one adult African elephant (Loxodonata) bull tusk were used in the study. CT scans were able to identify the annual growth rings within the tusks, allowing researchers to go into with a tiny drill bit and grind away samples from different months dentin growth.
This powder was then chemically analyzed for signs of steroids, a category natural testosterone falls under. The technique used to do this was actually initially created for use in human medicine, so taking it for a spin on woolly mammoth tusks was a surprise for the research team.
Woolly mammoth tusks on Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, where the female mammoth tusk used in the testosterone study was found several years ago. Image credit: Daniel Fisher, University of Michigan
"We had developed steroid mass spectrometry methods for human blood and saliva samples, and we have used them extensively for clinical research studies. But never in a million years did I imagine that we would be using these techniques to explore 'paleoendocrinology,'" said endocrinologist and study co-author Rich Auchus, professor of internal medicine and pharmacology at the University of Michigan Medical School, in a statement.
"We did have to modify the method some, because those tusk powders were the dirtiest samples we ever analyzed. When Mike (Cherney) showed me the data from the elephant tusks, I was flabbergasted. Then we saw the same patterns in the mammoth wow!
The male woolly mammoth tusks dated back 33,291 38,866 years ago and it is thought to have died aged 55. It was preserved in permafrost and eventually discovered by a diamond mining company in Siberia in 2007 before being enrolled into the study.
Analysis of the tusk revealed annually recurring testosterone surges that were up to 10 times higher than baseline levels. By comparison, the female woolly mammoth tusk (dating back 5,597 to 5,885 years) showed stable testosterone levels that didnt change over time. The African elephant bull tusk showed similar surges in testosterone to the male mammoth, demonstrating the technique can be used in extant animals and could even extend to smaller dentin samples.
"With reliable results for some steroids from samples as small as 5 mg of dentin, these methods could be used to investigate records of organisms with smaller teeth, including humans and other hominids," concluded the study authors. "Endocrine records in modern and ancient dentin provide a new approach to investigating reproductive ecology, life history, population dynamics, disease, and behavior in modern and prehistoric contexts."
The study is published in Nature.
Link:
Male Woolly Mammoths' Testosterone Surged When It Was Time To Find A Mate - IFLScience
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Analysis of woolly mammoth tusks reveals surging testosterone levels in males.
Researchers say traces of sex hormones extracted from the animals tusk provide the first direct evidence adult males experienced musth.
This is a testosterone-driven episode of heightened aggression against rival males, associated with mating season.
According to scientists, in male elephants, elevated testosterone during musth was previously recognised from blood and urine tests.
Tusks hold particular promise for reconstructing aspects of mammoth life history because they preserve a record of growth in layers of dentin that form throughout an individual's life
Professor Daniel Fisher
Research suggests musth battles in extinct relatives of modern elephants have been inferred from skeletal injuries, broken tusk tips and other indirect lines of evidence.
But the new study is the first to show that testosterone levels are recorded in the growth layers of mammoth and elephant tusks.
Lead author Michael Cherney, a research affiliate at the University of Michigan Museum of Palaeontology, said: Temporal patterns of testosterone preserved in fossil tusks show that, like modern elephants, mature bull mammoths experienced musth.
The researchers report annually recurring testosterone surges up to 10 times higher than baseline levels within a permafrost-preserved woolly mammoth tusk from Siberia.
The adult male mammoth lived more than 33,000 years ago.
According to the findings, the testosterone surges seen in the mammoth tusk are consistent with musth-related testosterone peaks the researchers observed in an African bull elephant tusk.
The word musth comes from the Hindi and Urdu word for intoxicated.
Both modern and ancient tusks hold traces of testosterone and other steroid hormones, the study suggests.
These chemical compounds are incorporated into dentin, the mineralised tissue that makes up the interior portion of all teeth (tusks are elongated upper incisor teeth).
Hormones help regulate physiology and behaviour, and testosterone a steroid hormone is the main sex hormone in male vertebrates.
It circulates in the bloodstream and accumulates in various tissues.
Scientists have previously analysed steroid hormones present in human and animal hair, nails, bones and teeth, in both modern and ancient contexts.
However, the significance and value of such hormone records have been the subject of ongoing scrutiny and debate.
The researchers say their findings should help change that by demonstrating that steroid records in teeth can provide meaningful biological information that sometimes persists for thousands of years.
Study co-author Daniel Fisher, a curator at the University of Michigan Museum of Palaeontology and professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, said: Tusks hold particular promise for reconstructing aspects of mammoth life history because they preserve a record of growth in layers of dentin that form throughout an individuals life.
Because musth is associated with dramatically elevated testosterone in modern elephants, it provides a starting point for assessing the feasibility of using hormones preserved in tusk growth records to investigate temporal changes in endocrine physiology.
For the study, researchers sampled tusks from one adult African bull elephant, aged 30 to 40 years old and two adult woolly mammoths a male (who lived to be about 55 years old) and a female from Siberia.
The researchers used CT scans to identify annual growth increments within the tusks.
A tiny drill bit was used to grind half-millimetre-wide samples representing approximately monthly intervals of dentin growth.
The powder produced during thisprocess was collected and chemically analysed.
New research methods were needed to extract steroids from tusk dentin.
The findings are published in the Nature journal.
Read more:
Tusk analysis reveals surging testosterone in male woolly mammoths study - The Independent
Musth, an annual ordeal which turns male elephants into oozing, aggressive pachyderms, appears to have also affected male mammoths that lived thousands of years ago, according to a new study.
Researchers from the University of Michigan led a team that procured a male mammoth tusk first discovered by a diamond-mining company in Siberia in 2007. From this massive tooth, they would detect ancient testosterone levels using a novel method.
First, researchers took a CT scan of the tusk to gauge how much it grew each year. Then, while looking through a microscope, they ground away a half-millimeter of dentin using a robot. Finally, the powder went in for analysis.
Rich Auchus, an endocrinologist at the University of Michigan, who normally teaches within the Medical School, developed a new technique for this study to extract steroids from the powdered tusk. He intended to use mass spectrometry, the common method for determining molecular mass, to hunt for testosterone.
Read More: Were Woolly Mammoths Always Woolly?
We had developed steroid mass spectrometry methods for human blood and saliva samples, and we have used them extensively for clinical research studies, he says in a press release. But never in a million years did I imagine that we would be using these techniques to explore paleoendocrinology.
The burgeoning field centers on the study of ancient hormones.
Auchus also analyzed powder from a male African elephant and found annual testosterone spikes consistent with musth, as expected. Then we saw the same patterns in the mammoth, he says.
Based on the length of the mammoth tusk, the male had lived to be about 55 years old and died more than 33,000 years ago in Siberia. During musth, which comes from the Hindu and Urdu word for intoxicated, his testosterone levels had soared to about 10 times their normal amount.
Read More: Million-Year-Old DNA Yields Mammoth Surprises
When male elephants go through musth, they become unpredictable and trickle urine on the ground as they walk. Most famously, they ooze a thick tar-like secretion called temporin from two scent ducts on the sides of their head, according to the Cincinnati Zoo.
But it was dentin, the calcified interior of all teeth, that made the study possible.
This study establishes dentin as a useful repository for some hormones and sets the stage for further advances in the developing field of paleoendocrinology, says lead author Michael Cherney in a press release. In addition to broad applications in zoology and paleontology, tooth-hormone records could support medical, forensic and archaeological studies.
Scientists have already analyzed ancient and modern hair, nails and teeth for hormones, results that some scientists have questioned, according to the release. The authors say they hope their findings should help change that by demonstrating that steroid records in teeth can provide meaningful biological information that sometimes persists for thousands of years.
Link:
Mammoths Endured Musth, the Wild Process that Affects Bull Elephants - DISCOVER Magazine
